11/29/2023 0 Comments Antibody production definitionAntigens are similar to the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) discussed in Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis however, whereas PAMPs are molecular structures found on numerous pathogens, antigens are unique to a specific pathogen. How do humoral and cellular immunity differ?Īctivation of the adaptive immune defenses is triggered by pathogen-specific molecular structures called antigens.Explain the difference between a primary and secondary immune response.List the two defining characteristics of adaptive immunity.The targeting and destruction of intracellular pathogens by T cells is called cell-mediated immunity, or cellular immunity. They are also responsible for destruction of cells infected with intracellular pathogens. T cells function as the central orchestrator of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The maturation of T cells occurs in the thymus. Mechanisms of adaptive specific immunity that involve B cells and antibody production are referred to as humoral immunity. Antibodies are involved in the body’s defense against pathogens and toxins in the extracellular environment. Although B cells and T cells arise from a common hematopoietic stem cell differentiation pathway (see Figure 17.12), their sites of maturation and their roles in adaptive immunity are very different.ī cells mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for the production of glycoproteins called antibodies, or immunoglobulins. For example, exposure to one virus (e.g., varicella-zoster virus) will not provide protection against other viral diseases (e.g., measles, mumps, or polio).Īdaptive specific immunity involves the actions of two distinct cell types: B lymphocytes ( B cells) and T lymphocytes ( T cells). This secondary response, however, is specific to the pathogen in question. Subsequent exposures result in a secondary response that is faster and stronger as a result of the body’s memory of the first exposure ( Figure 18.2). This programming occurs as a result of the first exposure to a pathogen or vaccine, which triggers a primary response. Specificity and memory are achieved by essentially programming certain cells involved in the immune response to respond rapidly to subsequent exposures of the pathogen. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent, the varicella-zoster virus, if it is exposed to the virus again later. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. What tests might be ordered to try to diagnose the problem?Īdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory.In addition, the area of the abdomen over the spleen is swollen and tender. A physician feels swollen lymph nodes in Olivia’s throat and armpits. Olivia, a one-year old infant, is brought to the emergency room by her parents, who report her symptoms: excessive crying, irritability, sensitivity to light, unusual lethargy, and vomiting.
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